The components of a transformer include the transformer body (core and windings), transformer oil, the oil tank, cooling systems, voltage regulation devices, protective devices (such as breathers, explosion vents, gas relays, oil conservators, and temperature monitoring devices), and terminal bushings. Specific components and their functions are as follows:
(1) Iron Core. The iron core constitutes the primary magnetic circuit of the transformer. It is typically assembled from stacked hot-rolled or cold-rolled silicon steel sheets-characterized by high silicon content and thicknesses of 0.35 mm, 0.3 mm, or 0.27 mm-with surfaces coated in insulating varnish. The core consists of two parts: core limbs (or columns) and yokes. The windings are mounted on the core limbs, while the yokes serve to close the magnetic circuit.
(2) Windings. The windings constitute the electrical circuit of the transformer and are formed by winding either double-paper-covered flat wire or enameled round wire. Transformers operate based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Taking a single-phase, two-winding transformer as an example, the basic working principle is as follows: when a voltage (U1) is applied to the primary winding, a current (I1) flows through it, generating an alternating magnetic flux (Φ1) within the iron core-known as the main magnetic flux. Under the influence of this flux, electromotive forces are induced in both windings, ultimately driving the transformer's control and regulation systems.